How to Manage Cardiac Arrest at Home

Knowing CPR is a Life Skill

Cardiac arrest can strike without warning and being prepared in case of a heart emergency can help save lives, especially when you are at home. If you are not sure if someone's experiencing cardiac arrest or what to do? Keep reading to get tips from our team of providers at ACLS Academy.

The Signs of Cardiac Arrest

Sudden Loss of Responsiveness –

  • The person does not respond if you tap them hard or loudly ask if they're OK

  • The person doesn't move, blink, or otherwise react

No Normal Breathing –

  • The person is not breathing

  • The patient is unresponsive and gasping for air (called an agonal breath).

What To Do in the Case of Cardiac Arrest at Home

If you think the person is suffering cardiac arrest, be sure to:

  • Check for response

  • Call 9-1-1 for help - If you have access to an AED machine, have someone bring it to you.

  • Check for no breathing or only gasping - If the person is not breathing or is only gasping, begin CPR with compressions.

  • Begin CPR - Push down two inches in the center of the chest at a rate of 100-120 pushes a minute and allow the chest to come back up to its normal position after each push.

  • AED - If there's an AED accessible, turn it on and follow the prompts.

  • Continue with CPR - Administer CPR until the person starts to breathe and move or until help arrives.

If you are not a medical professional and want to be prepared in an emergency, learn more about our Heartsaver course (for non-healthcare providers), which goes over CPR and the AED for the adult, child, and infant. You can also add basic first aid for additional learning!

Knowing how to perform CPR, use an AED, and provide first aid is a LIFE SKILL everyone should learn how to do!

Signs of a Heart Attack: What to Look for & How to Help

When it comes to heart attacks, no two are the same. Some are sudden and intense, while others are slow with mild pain and discomfort. Knowing the signs of a heart attack and how to help until paramedics arrive can help save a life. Since many people are unaware of the symptoms of a heart attack and what to do, our team at ACLS Academy is going to break it down for you so you can jump into action if an emergency arises.

Warning Signs of a Heart Attack

Whether it’s you or someone you’re with, it’s important to pay attention to your body and call for help if you experience the following symptoms:

  • Chest Discomfort - Most heart attacks will involve some discomfort in the center of the chest. Sometimes it lasts longer for a few minutes; other times, it may go away and then return. The feeling is uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain.

  • Discomfort in Other Areas of the Upper Body - The performance of your heart can impact other areas of your body, too. If you’re experiencing pain or discomfort in one or both arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach, call for help.

  • Shortness of Breath - This can occur with or without chest discomfort.

  • Other Signs - There are several other heart attack symptoms, including breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea/vomiting, and lightheadedness.

Heart Attack Symptoms in Men and Women

The most common heart attack symptom in both men and women is chest pain or discomfort, but women are more likely than men to experience some of the other symptoms of a heart attack. These include nausea/vomiting, lightheadedness, back and jaw pain, and discomfort in one or both arms.

Learn more about reducing heart disease risk in women here.

How to Help Someone Having a Heart Attack

If you think someone is having a heart attack, it’s crucial to call for help right away. The faster the person can receive treatment, the better chance they have at survival and recovery.

  1. Call 9-1-1 - Don’t wait until more symptoms appear. Call for help immediately. Paramedics are trained to treat people with heart attacks and get them to the hospital the fastest.

  2. Chew and Swallow Aspirin - If the person can, have them chew and swallow aspirin while waiting for help to help lower the heart’s workload and make the blood flow better. If they are prescribed nitroglycerin sublingual tablets, place the tablet under the tongue or between the cheek and gum and wait for it to dissolve.

  3. Sit, Rest, and Keep Calm - The less strain on the heart, the better.

  4. Begin CPR/Utilize an AED - If the person is unconscious or unresponsive, the 9-1-1 dispatcher might have you begin CPR or utilize an AED until help arrives.

Emergencies happen, and being prepared for them can help save a life. Learn more about our heartsaver course (for non-healthcare professionals) and sign up for a class to make sure you are prepared.

An Interview with Six10 AED

As healthcare professionals and teachers, our team at ACLS Academy has the privilege of working closely with various organizations in the Boston area. One of the organizations that have become near and dear to us over the years is Six10 AED, and today, we're sitting down with the founders to share more about what they do and how you can get involved!

In 2019, Six10 AED and ACLS Academy's Jenna Kennally discussed the partnership with Partners in Development and Glendora, Mississippi. Glendora is a rural community with no access to an AED. The average response time in Glendora is about 30 minutes and the average time to the closest Emergency Department is 45 minutes- meaning an AED would be a true lifesaving device to the community. Co-founder of ACLS Academy and Professor at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Shelley Lynch, has led teams of nursing students to Glendora. She met with Six10 AED to discuss the need. Six10 AED donated an AED donated to the community, and we were able to use funds raised by the nursing students to mount an all-weather AED box to the outside of the Glendora Clinic. In February of 2020, Shelley, Jenna, and a team of University of Massachusetts Dartmouth's nursing students educated and certified ten employees of Partners In Development's in American Heart Association's First Aid/ CPR/ AED use.

When someone calls 9-1-1 in Glendora, EMS has a code to open the box for direct access to the AED, and the community of Glendora will always have access to this lifesaving device thanks to a donation from Six10 AED.

ACLS Academy has a special relationship with Six10 AED, but for those introduced to your organization for the first time, tell us about yourself!

Our names are Jessica, Erika, and Denise. Jessica is my sister, and Denise is our Mother. We are originally from Mendon, Massachusetts, and huge fans of all things New England! We are a very close-knit family and are the founders of Six10 AED. Six10 AED's mission is to spread awareness of Sudden Cardiac Arrest and equip all local police stations with an AED to help our communities better. We raise funds to purchase and donate to police stations in hopes of saving the lives of others.

What made you decide to start Six10 AED?

On June 10, 2017, we tragically lost our dad, Dave Greenwood, to a cardiac event. Although CPR was started right away, he needed an AED. Unfortunately, the first responder on the scene, a local police officer, did not have one. By the time an AED arrived, it was too late to save our dad. We decided that although our story did not have a happy ending, that didn't mean someone else's story couldn't. We didn't want any other family to have to go through the same suffering like us.

What is the mission of your organization?

Our mission is to spread awareness for Sudden Cardiac Arrest and ensure that every first responder is equipped with an AED.

Since starting Six10 AED in 2017, what is your proudest accomplishment?

We have dedicated the last couple of years to working closely with local legislators to pass legislation that would mandate AEDs in police cruisers. Although we have not quite accomplished this goal, we have been able to share our story and educate individuals on the seriousness of SCA and how essential and crucial AEDs are in saving lives. When AEDs are used within the first minute, there is a 90% chance of survival, and within the first 5 minutes, there is a 50% chance of survival. This is why it is so vital that our officers can respond quickly and effectively to save lives. While we work hard to get legislation passed, we also have been able to donate several AEDs to various police departments in the state of Massachusetts.

We know from experience that running a business is so rewarding, but it can be challenging! Tell us, how do you push forward when things get difficult?

It can be challenging, and we each have full-time jobs, and it can be hard to coordinate everyone's schedules. We sincerely believe in our mission, though, and know that the work we are doing is helping to save the lives of others. We understand the pain of losing a loved one, and we all would do anything to spare another family from feeling that suffering.

Even though we are more than halfway through the year, what are some of Six10 AED's goals for the rest of the year?

We are hoping to raise more funds to donate more AEDs to Massachusetts police stations while spreading awareness of SCA and educating others on the use of AEDs.

What would make the greatest difference in helping your organization reach its goals?

We are very hopeful that legislation will soon be passed mandating all first responders be equipped with an AED. This legislation would be an amazing accomplishment that could save countless lives.

I wish more people understood the importance of AED's. They should make sure their local police departments have working AED's. Six10 AED is a small organization, and we are hoping to get the word out that we exist and we can help!

How can people get involved in your organization?

People can help in a variety of ways. Each year we hold a golf tournament, 'The Duncan Classic,' in memory of our dad. All proceeds from the tournament go towards buying more AEDs. We always look forward to hosting this fun event to bring people together to enjoy one of the things our dad loved most, golfing! And for those who might not play, we are always looking for volunteers to help us out. And as we continue to grow, we will be looking for volunteers that can help out with website design and marketing and legal and tax advice.

To learn more and to get involved with Six10 AED, you can visit their website!

Our Newest Courses at ACLS Academy

At ACLS Academy, we are committed to reinventing life support courses for providers. We offer high-quality training by instructors with first-hand experience saving lives and working healthcare professionals (you can learn more about our instructors here!). With that being said, we are so excited to announce our two newest training courses - Trauma Nursing Core Course (TNCC) and Emergency Nursing Pediatric Course (ENPC).

Trauma Nursing Core Course (TNCC)

When stabilizing life-threatening trauma cases, every second counts. Through TNCC, you’ll gain the knowledge, critical thinking skills, and hands-on training needed to provide high-quality trauma nursing care from qualified emergency nurses.

In our TNCC course, you will learn:

  • The latest trauma nursing practice recommendations.

  • Systematic assessment and application of care.

  • Rapid identification of life-threatening injuries.

This course utilizes various learning methods, including textbooks, online modules, live simulations, and instructor-led classroom discussions and skill stations.

Emergency Nursing Pediatric Course (ENPC)

When working with children, accurate assessment of acute illness or injury requires specialized knowledge and skills. Through ENPC, you’ll gain the core-level pediatric knowledge and psychomotor skills needed to assess and implement evidence-based interventions in pediatric patients.

In our ENPC course, you will learn:

  • The latest pediatric emergency nursing practice recommendations.

  • Systematic assessment and application of care.

  • Education that can be applied to every pediatric patient you treat.

This course utilizes various learning methods, including textbooks, online models, live simulations, patient experience videos, interactive lectures, and electronic testing.

To learn more about both courses and sign up, contact us today at (617) 855-9947.

Ways to Reduce Heart Disease Risk in Women

Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in women in the United States. While some risk factors cannot be controlled, there are several that can be and by making some simple lifestyle changes, you can reduce your risk of heart disease.

What Heart Disease Risk Factors Cannot be Changed?

  • Age - Women 55 years and older are at greater risk for a heart attack.

  • Race or Ethnicity - Certain groups have a higher risk of heart disease, including African Americans and South Asians.

  • Family History - Women with a close relative that has/had heart disease (especially at a younger age) are at greater risk.

Additional Risk Factors

In addition to these risk factors that cannot be changed, other risk factors include:

  • High blood pressure

  • High cholesterol

  • Diabetes

  • Smoking

6 Ways to Reduce Your Risk of Heart Disease

Whether you’re at higher risk of heart disease or simply want to make more informed decisions about your health, here are some ways you can work towards lowering your risk of heart disease.

  • Regular Physical Activity - While regularly going to the gym, exercising, and engaging in exercise classes are great, daily walks are a great way to get exercise and get your heart pumping. We always recommend speaking with your health care provider about how much activity is right for you before starting a new regimen.

  • Make Heart-Healthy Food Choices - Limiting saturated fats and added sugars in your diet whenever possible and eating more whole grains, fruits, and vegetables will help reduce the risk of heart disease overtime. If you eat meat, opt for lean cuts and limit your serving sizes and the amount of red meat you’re eating.

  • Stop Smoking - If you are currently a smoker, or have someone in your household that smokes, quitting can dramatically decrease your risk of heart disease. It’s also much easier to recover from a heart attack or stroke, or live with chronic disease, if you stop smoking.

  • Aim for a Healthy Weight - Good nutrition and physical activity are the best way to maintain a healthy weight. Those that are overweight are at a higher risk for heart disease, as well as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes.

  • Reduce Stress - While this is easier said than done, reducing and managing your stress can help reduce your risk of heart disease and can help you avoid bad habits such as smoking.

  • Limited Alcohol Intake - Drinking too much can increase your blood pressure and can increase your risk for stroke, cancer, and other ailments and diseases.

How Do I Select an AHA Training Provider?

Whether you’re a medical professional that needs to get certified or recertified or are interested in becoming an AHA training instructor, going through an accredited training center is strongly recommended. With so many options in the Boston area and throughout the United States, it can be overwhelming to decide what center to go through. But like a lot of other things in life, not all AHA training sites are created equally.

If you’re in the process of looking for an AHA training site, here are some tips for selecting an AHA training provider!

What is an AHA Training Site?

An AHA training site operates under the authorization of an AHA Training Center and must meet a set of minimum requirements. These requirements are:

  • Has a legal business name.

  • Teaches AHA courses in accordance with the official AHA Guidelines.

  • Maintains at least five AHA Instructors who train more than 250 people each year (combined).

  • Owns and maintains all equipment needed for teaching AHA courses.

  • Meets minimum technical requirements.

  • A training site can be authorized to provide any disciplines, including: BLS, ACLS, and PALS.

What to Look for In an AHA Training Site

When researching what training site to go through, look for the following.

Entrepreneurial Training Centers

Unlike community training center organizations (fire departments, hospitals, etc.), an entrepreneurial training center is a for-profit organization that is authorized under the AHA to offer training courses. They’re main focus is to ensure their students are properly trained and certified, and provide knowledge, training, and materials in an educational environment.

Response Times

When you’re contacting the training site you’re interested in going through, keep an eye on response times! If they’re taking an excessive amount of time to return your calls and emails, it could be a red flag.

Issuing of Certifications

When you’re registering for a course, be sure to confirm how long after the successful completion of the course you can expect to wait for your certification. Training sites are required to provide certifications within a certain period of time and if you’re on a tighter schedule (especially if you’re getting rectified for work), knowing when you’ll be receiving your certification can help manage expectations.

Training Site Instructor Experience

While there are requirements for training site faculty under the AHA, it’s always an added benefit when your instructors have extensive experience in the medical field and working with patients.

All of our instructors at ACLS Academy are medical professionals that are still actively practicing at local hospitals throughout Boston and the surrounding area.

For more information about our AHA courses taught at three convenient locations, contact us today at 617-855-9947.

The Benefits of Taking a Heartsaver Course

Emergencies happen when we’re least expecting them and while it’s hard to anticipate these emergencies, being prepared to jump into action can mean the difference of life and death.

By taking a Heartsaver course, students are taught first aid, CPR, and AED basics to help prepare them for common emergencies and how to handle the situations calmly.

If you’re deciding whether or not taking a Heartsaver course is worth it, here are some benefits.

You Learn the Signs of a Life-Threatening Emergency

When you’re able to recognize the signs of a life-threatening emergency, including a heart attack, stroke, or other medical emergency, it’s easier to handle them effectively. By knowing the signs, you’re able to take the right approach until medical professionals arrive.

You Know When to Call for Help

When emergencies happen, it’s easy for situations to get chaotic and people often jump into fight-or-flight mode. With Heartsaver training, you’ll learn how to react in emergency situations, and know when and who to call for help.

Know How to Perform Life-Saving Skills

Knowing how to perform life-saving skills such as first-aid, CRP, and how to properly use an AED can help prevent the loss of life and keep a patient somewhat stable until help arrives.

Are you ready to take a Heartsaver course and be prepared if an emergency occurs? Register for an upcoming course at ACLS Academy or contact us today to learn more!

Married With A Business: Get to Know Our Founders

When returning home from a business trip, Shelley Lynch MSN NP-BC APRN CCRN helped save a man’s life after watching him collapse at Logan Airport. This was the moment she and her husband Chad felt a call to provide more opportunities to train and educate the general public on CPR and AED use.

Capitalizing on Shelley’s 20+ years of experience in critical care and working as a college professor and Chad’s 15 years of business insight and United States Coast Guard taraining, ACLS Academy was born.

With a network of instructors teaching every course from CPR to Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS), husband and wife duo Chad and Shelley are on a mission to train both healthcare workers and non-healthcare individuals.

Married With a Business

Running a business with your spouse might not be for everyone, but Shelley and Chad have not only created a successful business but have involved their three children as well and have an amazing family dynamic.

Learn more about how ACLS Academy got its start, the dreams we have, and how running a business together has impacted our family dynamic.

Should I Take a Heartsaver Course?

Heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide, but with proper training and quick reaction times, innocent bystanders are able to help increase the average survival rate for cardiac episodes.

Who Should Take the Heartsaver Course?

The AHA Heartsaver course is designed for individuals with limited or no medical training that require a CPR AED training certification for a job or other requirement. The Heartsaver course is also a great option for those who are interested in additional training so if an emergency does arise, they can correctly administer CPR AED until the ambulance arrives. 

What Does the Heartsaver Course Teach?

The Heartsaver course teaches the following skills:

  • The impact high-quality CPR has on survival

  • The concepts of the Chain of Survival

  • How to recognize when someone needs CPR

  • How to perform CPR on an adult

  • Describe how to perform CPR with help from others

  • Demonstrate how to use an AED on an adult

  • Perform CPR on a child

  • Demonstrate how to use an AED on a child

  • Perform CPR on an infant

  • How to recognize when and how to help a choking adult or child

  • Demonstrate how to help a choking infant

To learn more about our Heartsaver course, contact us today at (617) 855-9947.

Why You Should Take a Pediatric Advanced Life Support Course

Whether you’re a healthcare professional working directly with infants and children or simply work in a medical setting or hospital, Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) training can help you be prepared for any emergency situation you might find yourself in.

What Does a PALS Course Teach?

The American Heart Association PALS course helps to improve the quality of care provided to seriously ill or injured infants and children, resulting in improved outcomes. Throughout the two days, that course is taken over, students are presented with several patient cases and a lesson on team dynamics, as well as a multiple-choice exam. 

The topics covered include:

  • Child CPR AED and infant CPR

  • Recognition of patients that do not need immediate intervention

  • Recognition of cardiopulmonary arrest before it happens and application of CPR

  • Team dynamics

  • Differentiation between respiratory distress and failure

  • Early intervention of respiratory distress and failure

  • Differentiation between compensated and decompensated shock

  • Early intervention for the treatment of shock

  • Differentiation between stable and unstable patients with arrhythmias

  • The characteristics of unstable patients with arrhythmias

  • Post-cardiac arrest management

3 Reasons to Take a PALS Course

Strengthen Your Skills - If it’s been a while since you took a pediatric advanced life support course or your certification is expiring soon, taking a PALS course will allow you to keep your PALS certification up to date and allow you to strengthen your skills.

Quick Reaction in Emergency Situations - In the case of an emergency, having PALS training can help you provide quick medical care for an infant or child while you wait for the ambulance to arrive. 

Peace of Mind - Emergencies happen when you’re least expecting them and with thorough training, you can react quickly and levelheaded. 

To learn more about our PALS training course contact us today at (617) 855-9947 or register today!

How to Renew Your BLS Certificate

The American Heart Association Basic Life Support (BLS) certification provides those in the healthcare industry (including healthcare students!) with the instruction and certification of CPR and AED use. Teaching both single-rescuer and team application skills, our students are able to utilize their knowledge and experience in both pre-hospital and in-facility environments. 

After receiving your BLS certification, your card will be valid for two years from the date on your certification. It’s important for healthcare professionals to take a BLS recertification course to help update their skills, refresh their memory, and extend their certification for an additional two years. At ACLS Academy, we offer an instructor-led, traditional BLS recertification course to allow you to stay certified and on the job!

How BLS Recertification Works

In order to renew your BLS certification, you will need to take a BLS recertification course. This instructor-led, abbreviated version of the BLS certification course allows professionals to become re-certified in just 2.5-3 hours. In order to take our BLS recertification course, your current certification must be current or expired by no more than 60 days. 

Why Take Your BLS Recertification Course with ACLS Academy

ACLS Academy is an American Heart Association authorized training center, which means that all of our certification programs are accredited by the ADA, AMMA, and ANCC. All of our courses are taught by AHA-authorized instructors at three different locations: East Bridgewater, Quincy, and Newton Center. 

Our BLS recertification course also utilizes the latest emergency cardiovascular care guidelines and standards.

To learn more about our BLS certification course, contact us today at 617-855-9947. To learn more about our upcoming BLS classes, visit our calendar and register today!

Changes to Our AHA Classes to Keep Everyone Safe

The COVID-19 outbreak has had an effect on all of our lives and with the ACLS Academy Training Centers open for both healthcare professionals, bystanders, and those interested in becoming instructors, we are taking the AHA recommendations for operating during the COVID-19 pandemic very seriously. 

AHA Recommendations for In-Person Training

  • All state and local government coronavirus precautions must be taken.

  • Instructors will decontaminate the manikins after each student comes in contact with the manikin with an alcohol-based solution per CDC recommendations. 

  • Students will not practice mouth to mouth ventilation. 

  • When possible, manikins should be placed 3 feet apart. 

AHA Recommendations for Heartsaver Training

  • No changes to compression practice and testing.

  • Elimination of breath practice and testing portion of CPR skills. Practice simulated breaths but for students that need to practice breaths, they will use a bas-valve mask.

  • Students should practice Epinephrine Pens on their own leg.

  • Students should practice bleeding control and bandage on their own leg or arm. Reusable cloth strips may be used if sterilized between students if gauze is unavailable.

  • Students should practice splinting on their own leg.

Additional Steps ACLS Academy is Taking to Protect Students

  • All class sizes have been cut in half.

  • The student to equipment ratio is 1:1.

  • Face masks are required in order to enter the ACLS Academy training center and building.

AHA Card Expiration Extensions

While the American Heart Society (AHA) continues to monitor COVID-19 and its effect on training centers to conduct classes both in-person and virtually, there has been an expiration extension on AHA certification cards during the pandemic. 

Card Expiration Extensions

All AHA Provider and Instructor cards that expired in March, April, May, or June 2020 are now able to renew their cards up to 120 days from the renewal date that is outlined on their cards. 

  • For AHA Provider and Instructor cards that had a renewal month of March 2020, they must have renewed them by the end of July 2020.

  • For AHA Provider and Instructor cards that had a renewal month of April 2020, they must have renewed them by the end of August 2020.

  • For AHA Provider and Instructor cards that had a renewal month of May 2020, they must be renewed by the end of September 2020.

  • For AHA Provider and Instructor cards that had a renewal month of June 2029, they must be renewed by the end of October 2020.

All AHA Provider and Instructor cards that expire at the end of July 2020 will resume regular timelines for renewal. For those that are in affected areas with restrictions in place during the months of July and August, the AHA is allowing training centers to consider extending renewal dates on cards, at their discretion, no later than October 2020. 

AHA Training Centers

All AHA Training Centers are responsible for following their local government’s COVID-19 rules and regulations. AHA Training Centers must also use their discretion for disease transmission and take the proper precautions to protect their trainers and trainees.

AHA Guidelines Updated with COVID+ Patients

Individuals with underlying cardiovascular disease are at an increased risk for contracting coronavirus (COVID-19) and in an effort to take the extra steps to ensure optimal care of these patients should they contract COVID-19, the American Heart Association (AHA) has put out new guidelines to help protect both patients and healthcare professionals. 

Minimizing Healthcare Provider Exposure

The updates to CPR procedure emphasize minimizing healthcare provider exposure to help decreased the strained healthcare system. These new procedures include:

  • All providers must wear personal protective equipment (PPE) before entering a room or area with a COVID-19 positive or expected COVID-19 patient to protect against airborne and droplet particles.

  • All providers in the area should be limited to those essential to patient care.

  • If possible, manual chest compressions should be replaced with mechanical CPR.

  • COVID-19 status should be communicated with all new providers before entering a patient area or transferring the patient.

Oxygenation & Ventilation Strategies

When performing CPR, each step generates aerosol particles that can remain suspended in the air for approximately an hour and can be inhaled by those nearby. This puts providers and those nearby at additional risk and exposure during intubation. By utilizing a cuffed endotracheal tube connected to a ventilator with a HEPA filter for patients that are COVID positive, there is less risk for those nearby. 

It is also recommended to: 

  • Attach a HEPA filter for any exhaled gas for manual or mechanical ventilators before administering any breaths.

  • Use a bag-mask device with a HEPA filter and a tight seal before intubation.

  • Consider passive oxygenation with nonrebreathing face masks covered by a surgical mask for adults.

  • Consider manual ventilation with a supraglottic airway or bag-mask device with a HEPA filter if intubation is delayed.

Starting and Continuing CPR

Emergency medical service providers should try to limit transferring a patient with known or suspected COVID-19 to a hospital if return or spontaneous circulation is not achieved. By considering age and severity of illness, this protects EMS providers, patients, and other healthcare professionals from being exposed and diverting resources away from those that need them.

Encourage Bystanders to Learn CPR

Most out-of-hospital cardiac arrests happen at home, making it likely that a household member that has already been exposed to the patient will be performing CPR. If the member is willing and able, bystander CPR is still encouraged with the following tips:

  • Perform hands-only CPR for adults.

  • Perform chest compressions and consider mouth-to-mouth ventilation for children.

  • If available, bystanders should use an automated external defibrillator to assess and treat patients.